The formative base of language, literature and civilization is a matter of inertia from the source and creator of social identity, where dialect and expression, the reality of literature, while literature is helpful in the formation and exploration of cultural identity. Literature is created out of passion being formed by the internal and inward earnest setting of emotions and affection, which has an encrusted and organized socio-cultural core. The short story is the art of presenting the socio-cultural experiences woven under the emotions and affection, where dialect, expression and civilization are formed and explored. Perhaps, the story kept unravelling the knots of social consciousness on the one hand, while, it kept unravelling the knots of cultural consciousness on the other hand. This is why short story fiction became a subtle means of presenting socio-cultural realities. This research article will be helpful in recuperating the expression of cultural identity presented in selected Pakistani Urdu short stories.

1.             Dr. Jameel Jalibi, Pakistani Culture (Karachi: Mushtaq Book Depot, 1964), 45.

2.            Ibrahim Azmi, ''Faiz Ahmad Faiz Ki Nazar Mein Culture Kya Hai'', Mushmoolah: Adabi Miras:

https://adbimiras.com/faiz-ahmad-faiz-ki-nazar-mein-culture-kia-hai-by-ibrahim-azmi/

3.             Dr. Syed Abid Hussain, Qaumi Tehzeeb ka Mas'ala (Delhi: Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu (Hind), 1955), 5.

4.             T.S. Eliot, Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), 17.

5.             Charles Gray Shaw, Trends of Civilization and Culture (Woodstock: American Book Company, 1931), 76.

6.             Dr. Wazir Agha, Culture Ke Khud o khal (Lahore: Majlis-e-Taraqqi-e-Adab, 2009), 15.

7.             Alan Wilson Watts, The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are (London: Souvenir Press Limited, 2009), 70.

8.             Albert Camus, Create Dangerously (New York: New Directions Publishing Group, 2019), 46.

9.             Barbara W. Tuchman, The March of Folly (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 146.

10.           Ralph Waldo Emerson, Letters and Social Aims (Alister: Evoke E-Books, 2014), 1727.

11.           Rashid Hassan Khan, Guzishta Lucknow (Delhi: Maktaba Jamia New Delhi, 1971), 13.

12.           Gerald Woodruff, Sample Guard (Morrisville: Lulu Press, 2018), 34.

13.           Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 133.

14.           Dr.  Jamil Jalibi, Adab, Culture Aur Masail (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1986), 14.

15.           Ibid.

16.           Dr. Tahir Hamid Tanoli, Seerat-un-Nabi Ki Tehzeebi-o-Saqafati Ahmiyat (Lahore: Munhaj-ul-Quran Printers, 2007), 17.

17.           Michael Pacione, Urban Geography: A Global Perspective (London: Routledge Publishers, 2013), 129-133.

18.           Dr. Wazir Agha, Culture Ke Khud o khal, 15.

19.           Ibid.

20.          Dr. Fazlullah Makram, "Urdu Afsana aur Tehzeebi Riwayatain", Mushmoolah: Taameer News..

https://www.taemeernews.com/2013/12/Urdu-fiction-and-cultural-traditions.html

21.           Ibid.

22.          Professor Qamar Rais, Talash-o-Tawazun (Delhi: Jamal Press, 1968), 9.

23.           Professor Fatah Mohammad Malik, Pakistani Urdu Afsana: Ek Taaruf (Urdu Research Journal, 2014), 2.

24.          Dr. Nigar Azim, Manto Ka Sarmaya-e-Fikr-o-Fann (Delhi: Bazm-e-Hum-Qalam, 2002), 64.

25.          Abul Lais Siddiqui, Bah Hawala: Manto - Noori na Nari, Az: Mumtaz Shirin (Karachi: Maktaba-e-Isloub, 2004), 124.

26.          Dr. Farman Fatah Puri, Urdu aur Afsana Nigar (Lahore: Al-Waqar Publications, 2000), 109.

27.          Nadim Ahmed, Kulliyat-e-Ghulam Abbas (Kolkata: Rahrovan Adab, 2016), 212.

28.          Dr. Islam Jamshaid Puri, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi ke Namainda Afsane (Delhi: Modern Publishing House, 2007), 49.

29.          Dr. Anwar Ahmed, Urdu Afsana: Tehqiq o Tanqeed (Multan: Kitab Nagar, 1988), 362.

30.          Dr. Fareed Husaini, Intizar Hussain ke Afsanon mein Alamat Nigari (Urdu Research Journal, 2020), 25.

31.          Dr. Nighat Rehana Khan, Urdu Afsana: Funni o Takneeki Mutalea (Delhi: Educational Publishing House, 1986), 221.

32.          Bano Qudsia, Bano Qudsia ke Afsane, Mushmoolah: Rekhta (Link: rekhta.org)

33.          Dr. Irsahad Shafeeq, "Bano Qudsia ka Afsanvi Andaz," Mushmoolah: Adabi Miras (2020), 2.

34.          Khalid Sahil Malik, Yakh Bastah Dehleez par Phaili Kahaniyan (Peshawar: Iraaf Printers, 2017), 19.

35.          Yousuf Aziz Zahid, Khof ke Kitaabey se Yakh Bastah Dehleez par (Peshawar: Iraaf Printers, 2017), 11.

36.          Dr. Zubair Shah, Yakh Bastah Dehleez (Peshawar: Iraaf Printers, 2017), 62.

37.          Dr. Salma Aslam, "Mustansar Hussain Tarar ki Tehreeron mein Tareekh, Tehzeeb aur Saqafat ki Baaziyaft," Mushmoolah: Khayaban (Peshawar, 1993), 1-5.

38.          Rabia Al-Raba, Rabia Al-Raba ke Afsane, Mushmoolah: Rekhta (Link: rekhta.org)

39.          Ibid.

40.          Ibrahim Azmi, "Faiz Ahmad Faiz ki Nazar mein Culture Kya Hai," Mushmoolah: Adabi Miras (Link: adbimiras.com)

https://adbimiras.com/faiz-ahmad-faiz-ki-nazar-mein-culture-kia-hai-by-ibrahim-azmi/

41.           Jacqueline Bhagavan, Human Rights and Adolescence (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014),55.

42.          James M. Henslin, Sociology: Down to Earth Approach (Hoboken, 2015), XXV.