The effects of the neo-demographic period on the civilization and society of common India can be clearly seen, which have been presented as important topics by Indian/Pakistani historians. Along with these historical contexts, the common culture born in this period has been coming to us as an important subject of Urdu fiction. Fiction in its place is an important medium of completing the incomplete pages of history. “Kai Chand The Sar-e-Asman is such a novel by Shamsur Rahman Farooqi, through which the cultural and social life of the neo-colonial era can be closely observed. Thus, the best means of understanding history is available in the language of fiction. The article under consideration brings forward the same cultural and colonialism of the neo-demographic period.

1.          Shams-ul-Rahman Farooqi, Kayi Chaand They Sar-e-Aasmaan (Karachi: Shahzad Publishers, 2018), 219.

2.          Shams-ul-Rahman Farooqi, Kayi Chaand They Sar-e-Aasmaan, Izhaar-e-Tashakkur, 815.

3.          Collins Cobuild Dictionary (London: Haper Colins Publishers, 1992), 268.

4.          Dr. Mubarak Ali, Bartanvi Hindustan (Lahore: Tareekh Publishers, 2019), 12-13.

5.          Naseer Abbas Neer, "Maba'd-e-Nowabadiyat: Haddood-o-Imtiyazat," included in Maba'd-e-Nowabadiyat: Urdu ke Tanaasur Mein (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2013), 5.

6.          Ibid.

7.          Naseer Abbas Neer, "Naye Isti'mari Bayaniye aur Urdu Adab," included in Yeh Qissa Kya Hai Ma'ni Ka (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publishers, 2022), p. 22.

8.          Dr. Mubarak Ali, Bartanvi Hindustan, 14-15.

9.          Shams-ul-Rahman Farooqi, Kayi Chaand They Sar-e-Aasmaan, 188.

10.        Ibid, p. 174.

11.         Dr. Mubarak Ali, Aakhri Ahd-e-Mughliya ka Hindustan, 135-137.

12.        Dr. Ihtisham Ali, Urdu Nazm ka Nowabadiyati Tanaasur (Lahore: Aks Publishers, 2019), 15.

13.        Ibid, 14.

14.        Ibid, 459.

15.        Dr. Mubarak Ali, Aakhri Ahd-e-Mughliya ka Hindustan, 37.

16.        Feroz Alam, "Kayi Chaand They Sar-e-Aasmaan, Fiction ka Ek Sang-e-Meel," included in Dastaras (Sah-Mahi) Dhanbad, 15-16.

17.        Shashi Tharoor, Ahed-e-Zulmat (British Raj in India), translated by Abid Mahmood (Lahore: Aks Publishers, 2021), 39.

18.        Shams-ul-Rahman Farooqi, Kayi Chaand They Sar-e-Aasmaan, 680.

19.        Ma'eed Rashidi, "Kayi Chaand They Sar-e-Aasmaan: Tanqeedi-o-Tajziati Mutaliah," included in Roshnai, Vol. 42,29-30.