1.             Dr. Jameel Jalibi, Pakistani Culture (Karachi: Mushtaq Book Depot, 1964), 45.

2.            Ibrahim Azmi, ''Faiz Ahmad Faiz Ki Nazar Mein Culture Kya Hai'', Mushmoolah: Adabi Miras:

https://adbimiras.com/faiz-ahmad-faiz-ki-nazar-mein-culture-kia-hai-by-ibrahim-azmi/

3.             Dr. Syed Abid Hussain, Qaumi Tehzeeb ka Mas'ala (Delhi: Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu (Hind), 1955), 5.

4.             T.S. Eliot, Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), 17.

5.             Charles Gray Shaw, Trends of Civilization and Culture (Woodstock: American Book Company, 1931), 76.

6.             Dr. Wazir Agha, Culture Ke Khud o khal (Lahore: Majlis-e-Taraqqi-e-Adab, 2009), 15.

7.             Alan Wilson Watts, The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are (London: Souvenir Press Limited, 2009), 70.

8.             Albert Camus, Create Dangerously (New York: New Directions Publishing Group, 2019), 46.

9.             Barbara W. Tuchman, The March of Folly (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 146.

10.           Ralph Waldo Emerson, Letters and Social Aims (Alister: Evoke E-Books, 2014), 1727.

11.           Rashid Hassan Khan, Guzishta Lucknow (Delhi: Maktaba Jamia New Delhi, 1971), 13.

12.           Gerald Woodruff, Sample Guard (Morrisville: Lulu Press, 2018), 34.

13.           Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 133.

14.           Dr.  Jamil Jalibi, Adab, Culture Aur Masail (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1986), 14.

15.           Ibid.

16.           Dr. Tahir Hamid Tanoli, Seerat-un-Nabi Ki Tehzeebi-o-Saqafati Ahmiyat (Lahore: Munhaj-ul-Quran Printers, 2007), 17.

17.           Michael Pacione, Urban Geography: A Global Perspective (London: Routledge Publishers, 2013), 129-133.

18.           Dr. Wazir Agha, Culture Ke Khud o khal, 15.

19.           Ibid.

20.          Dr. Fazlullah Makram, "Urdu Afsana aur Tehzeebi Riwayatain", Mushmoolah: Taameer News..

https://www.taemeernews.com/2013/12/Urdu-fiction-and-cultural-traditions.html

21.           Ibid.

22.          Professor Qamar Rais, Talash-o-Tawazun (Delhi: Jamal Press, 1968), 9.

23.           Professor Fatah Mohammad Malik, Pakistani Urdu Afsana: Ek Taaruf (Urdu Research Journal, 2014), 2.

24.          Dr. Nigar Azim, Manto Ka Sarmaya-e-Fikr-o-Fann (Delhi: Bazm-e-Hum-Qalam, 2002), 64.

25.          Abul Lais Siddiqui, Bah Hawala: Manto - Noori na Nari, Az: Mumtaz Shirin (Karachi: Maktaba-e-Isloub, 2004), 124.

26.          Dr. Farman Fatah Puri, Urdu aur Afsana Nigar (Lahore: Al-Waqar Publications, 2000), 109.

27.          Nadim Ahmed, Kulliyat-e-Ghulam Abbas (Kolkata: Rahrovan Adab, 2016), 212.

28.          Dr. Islam Jamshaid Puri, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi ke Namainda Afsane (Delhi: Modern Publishing House, 2007), 49.

29.          Dr. Anwar Ahmed, Urdu Afsana: Tehqiq o Tanqeed (Multan: Kitab Nagar, 1988), 362.

30.          Dr. Fareed Husaini, Intizar Hussain ke Afsanon mein Alamat Nigari (Urdu Research Journal, 2020), 25.

31.          Dr. Nighat Rehana Khan, Urdu Afsana: Funni o Takneeki Mutalea (Delhi: Educational Publishing House, 1986), 221.

32.          Bano Qudsia, Bano Qudsia ke Afsane, Mushmoolah: Rekhta (Link: rekhta.org)

33.          Dr. Irsahad Shafeeq, "Bano Qudsia ka Afsanvi Andaz," Mushmoolah: Adabi Miras (2020), 2.

34.          Khalid Sahil Malik, Yakh Bastah Dehleez par Phaili Kahaniyan (Peshawar: Iraaf Printers, 2017), 19.

35.          Yousuf Aziz Zahid, Khof ke Kitaabey se Yakh Bastah Dehleez par (Peshawar: Iraaf Printers, 2017), 11.

36.          Dr. Zubair Shah, Yakh Bastah Dehleez (Peshawar: Iraaf Printers, 2017), 62.

37.          Dr. Salma Aslam, "Mustansar Hussain Tarar ki Tehreeron mein Tareekh, Tehzeeb aur Saqafat ki Baaziyaft," Mushmoolah: Khayaban (Peshawar, 1993), 1-5.

38.          Rabia Al-Raba, Rabia Al-Raba ke Afsane, Mushmoolah: Rekhta (Link: rekhta.org)

39.          Ibid.

40.          Ibrahim Azmi, "Faiz Ahmad Faiz ki Nazar mein Culture Kya Hai," Mushmoolah: Adabi Miras (Link: adbimiras.com)

https://adbimiras.com/faiz-ahmad-faiz-ki-nazar-mein-culture-kia-hai-by-ibrahim-azmi/

41.           Jacqueline Bhagavan, Human Rights and Adolescence (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014),55.

42.          James M. Henslin, Sociology: Down to Earth Approach (Hoboken, 2015), XXV.