1.            Edward Finnegan, Language: Its Structure and Use (Fort Worth: Hart Court Brace, 1999), 79.

2.            Iqtedar Hussain Khan, Sautiyat aur Phonemiyat (Nai Delhi: Taraqqi Urdu Bureau, 1994 AD), 63.

3.            Gyan Chand Jain, Aam Lisaniyat (Nai Delhi: Qaumi Council Baraye Farogh-e-Urdu Zaban, 1985 AD), 168.

4.             K. L. Pike, Phonemics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1947), 57.

5.             Iqtedar Hussain Khan, Sautiyat aur Phonemiyat, viii.

6.             Ibid, 70-69.

7.             Ibid, 113.

8.             Ibid, 42.

9.              Daniel Jones, An Outline of English Phonetics (New York: G.E. Stechert & Company, 1922), 17.

10.            Ibid, 16.

11.             Iqtidar Hussain Khan, Sautiyat aur Phonemiyat, 65.

12.            Daniel Jones, The Phoneme: Its Nature and Use (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd, 1949), 10.

13.             Iqtidar Hussain Khan, Sautiyat aur Phonemiyat, 29.

14.             K. L. Pike, Phonetics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1943), 69.

15.              Ibid, vii.

16.             Iqtidar Hussain Khan, Sautiyat aur Phonemiyat, 70-69.

17.              K. L Pike, Phonemics, 57-66.

18.             https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Phonetic-Alphabet, dated: 27-03-2023.

19.             Iqtidar Hussain Khan, Sautiyat aur Phonemiyat, 83.