1.           D.H. Lawrence, Fiction: Fun aur Falsafa, Tarjuma: Mazhar Ali Syed (Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 2019), 49.

2.           Mirza Hamid Baig, Urdu Tarjumay ki Riwayat (Islamabad: Dost Publications, 2016), 13.

3.           Ibid, 45.

4.           Translation is like a woman: if it is beautiful, it is not Faithful. If it is faithful, it is most certainly not Beautiful. (Yevgeny Yevtushenko)

5.           Jeremy Hawthorn, A Concise Glossary of Contemporary Literary Theory (London: Great Britain, 1994), 49.

6.           Susan Bassnett, Taqabuli Adab: Ek Tanqeedi Jaiza, Tarjuma: Toheed Ahmad (Islamabad: Purab Academy, 2015), 186.

7.           Mirza Hamid Baig, Urdu Tarjumay ki Riwayat, 25.

8.            A Single shelf of a European Library was worth the whole native Literature of India and Arabia. (Thomas Macaulay)

9.           Susan Bassnett, Taqabuli Adab: Ek Tanqeedi Jaiza, 200.

10.        Karl Popper, Three Worlds (Michigan: University of Michigan, April 1978).

11.        Friedrich Nietzsche, The Portable Nietzsche, Translated by: Walter Kaufmann (London: Penguin Books, 1982), 458.

12.        Susan Bassnett, Taqabuli Adab: Ek Tanqeedi Jaiza, 202.

13.        Ibid, 206.

14.        Ibid, 207.

15.        Susan Bassnett, Ilm-e-Tarjuma, Tarjuma: Toheed Ahmad (Gujrat: Media and Publications, University of Gujrat, 2015), 53.

16.        Yaser Javed, Saqafat aur Samraj (Islamabad: Maqtadira Qaumi Zaban, 2012), 36.

17.        Dr. Jameel Jalibi, Elite ke Mazaameen (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1999), 185.

18.        Kausar Naheed, Baqi Mandah Khawab (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2008), 163.

19.        Sadiq Kalim, Nai Tanqeed (Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 2007), 28.

20.        T.S Eliot, The Critical Edition, Volume:2 (London: Faber and Faber ltd, 2014), 106.

21.        Jorge Luis Borges, Ibn Rushd ki Talaash, Mushmoolah: Bagh Hazar Pech, Tarjuma: Zaeef Syed (Karachi: City Book Point, 2021), 18.

22.        Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Limits of my language are the limits of my word.

23.        Susan Bassnett, Ilm-e-Tarjuma, 131.