In twenty first century the concept of World as global village would be incomplete without the translation of written or spoken word. While this point shows the importance of translation also require to review it. From the Renaissance to the first half of 20th century translation was treated as a second- rate activity and derogatory metaphors like slave and the imposter women was used for it. Postmodernist thinkers of late half of 20th century (Especially Post Structuralists, Post Colonialists, Feminists and Gender Studies specialists) have challenged and reexamined the concepts of translation by introducing new and advance metaphors like Cannibalism. This article belongs to the review and comparison of traditional and new concepts of translation.

1.           D.H. Lawrence, Fiction: Fun aur Falsafa, Tarjuma: Mazhar Ali Syed (Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 2019), 49.

2.           Mirza Hamid Baig, Urdu Tarjumay ki Riwayat (Islamabad: Dost Publications, 2016), 13.

3.           Ibid, 45.

4.           Translation is like a woman: if it is beautiful, it is not Faithful. If it is faithful, it is most certainly not Beautiful. (Yevgeny Yevtushenko)

5.           Jeremy Hawthorn, A Concise Glossary of Contemporary Literary Theory (London: Great Britain, 1994), 49.

6.           Susan Bassnett, Taqabuli Adab: Ek Tanqeedi Jaiza, Tarjuma: Toheed Ahmad (Islamabad: Purab Academy, 2015), 186.

7.           Mirza Hamid Baig, Urdu Tarjumay ki Riwayat, 25.

8.            A Single shelf of a European Library was worth the whole native Literature of India and Arabia. (Thomas Macaulay)

9.           Susan Bassnett, Taqabuli Adab: Ek Tanqeedi Jaiza, 200.

10.        Karl Popper, Three Worlds (Michigan: University of Michigan, April 1978).

11.        Friedrich Nietzsche, The Portable Nietzsche, Translated by: Walter Kaufmann (London: Penguin Books, 1982), 458.

12.        Susan Bassnett, Taqabuli Adab: Ek Tanqeedi Jaiza, 202.

13.        Ibid, 206.

14.        Ibid, 207.

15.        Susan Bassnett, Ilm-e-Tarjuma, Tarjuma: Toheed Ahmad (Gujrat: Media and Publications, University of Gujrat, 2015), 53.

16.        Yaser Javed, Saqafat aur Samraj (Islamabad: Maqtadira Qaumi Zaban, 2012), 36.

17.        Dr. Jameel Jalibi, Elite ke Mazaameen (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1999), 185.

18.        Kausar Naheed, Baqi Mandah Khawab (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2008), 163.

19.        Sadiq Kalim, Nai Tanqeed (Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 2007), 28.

20.        T.S Eliot, The Critical Edition, Volume:2 (London: Faber and Faber ltd, 2014), 106.

21.        Jorge Luis Borges, Ibn Rushd ki Talaash, Mushmoolah: Bagh Hazar Pech, Tarjuma: Zaeef Syed (Karachi: City Book Point, 2021), 18.

22.        Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Limits of my language are the limits of my word.

23.        Susan Bassnett, Ilm-e-Tarjuma, 131.